The four returns of a rental
- Cash flow — rent left after all expenses and the mortgage.
- Principal paydown — each payment reduces your loan; see the amortization in the mortgage calculator.
- Appreciation — not guaranteed; use a conservative rate.
- Tax benefits — mainly depreciation (see the depreciation calculator), not included here.
Appreciation and paydown are not spendable until you sell or refinance, so many investors require positive cash flow first.